Snow Removal in Broome County New York

The removal of snow in the towns, cities, and villages of Broome County of New York is a social service that the county owes it inhabitants. It is such services that justify the taxes the people of Broome county pay. Towards achieving the aim of a cleaner, safer and healthier Broome county, several agencies have been set-up to oversee the snow removal services in the county. This service is particularly the responsibility of the Broome county Environmental Management Council (EMC). The EMC was established in 1971 by the Broome County Legislature to preserve, protect, and enhance the local environment.The county’s highway division maintains and preserves the highway in the county and thus removes the snow that lies on the highway in the Broome County. The aim of the highway division is aptly captured in its webpage as thus:† The Highway Division is responsible for the administration, operation and maintenance of highway bridge and capital projects; this includes road wide ning and straightening, resurfacing and patching of existing county roads to ensure that maintenance is at required engineering standards and safety levels.Emphasis is also placed on snow and ice control. The department also assists other local municipalities with specialized equipment and expertise. † Broome County Parks and Recreation is in charge of maintaining and preserving the recreational facilities in the county for the good of the inhabitants of the county. This means it also removes snow from these parks. Division of public waste seeks to manage all the public waste in the county. Snow is handled as one of the solid wastes handled by this division. These solid waste are either disposed or recycled.Department of Public Works is the chief overseer of the divisions mentioned above. However we need to, from this research establish who has the responsibility of removing snow and how best the snow should be removed and will tis method be cost effective. We will with this r esearch seek to ensure that the method adopted will be the most effective, efficient and cost effective. We want to by this research find the most effective way of snow removal: the best way to remove snow without creating hazard or environmental issues.How snow removal will be more efficient so that the snow will be removed promptly. Cost effective so that it will save the county some money so that other pressing needs of the county will be met without straining the resources of the county. The challenge here is to make the snow removal more effective, efficient and cost tolerant. Design questions for this research are as follows: 1. Who are/is currently responsible for snow removal in Broome County? 2. What method do/does the party/parties responsible for the snow removal employ?3. Is the method employed effective? 4. Is the currently used method efficient? 5. How much does it cost to remove snow in Broome County under the current arrangement? 6. From the cost in answer 5, is this method cost effective? 7. Under the current arrangement, what is the average time it takes to remove snow in the Broome county? 8. Can the responsibility for snow removal in Broome County be shared? 9. If answer to 8 above is yes, who are those that can share this responsibility? 10.Does their sharing in this responsibility bring about better efficiency or reduce the cost of snow removal? 11. Is there a more effective way of removing snow? 12. Does this more effective way of snow removal affect the cost of snow removal? 13. If answer to 12 above is yes, by how much? 14. Are the in habitants of Broome County satisfied with the current snow removal arrangement in place? 15. If no, what improvements will you like to see? References 1. Broome County Website; http://www. gobroomecounty. com/; Sourced 18:26 GMT +1

The Computer Crime Law in Ireland

Criminal law varies in different countries and temp to deal with computer–related crime. Due to the ever-changing and the sophisticated form of information technology, new type of computer crime surfaces everyday and is threatening the functionality of the system as an asset of a borderless information society. In order to manage and protect this vibrant digital age, new legislation is also put in place to combat these crimes. The existing laws might have been suitable for the old traditional computer crime; the use of a mobile device to denial your keylogg access to your car may have no legal reference in any formal computer crime law. This paper will point out some of the known legislations that exist in Ireland and the EU relating to computer crime, and the awareness in a computer forensic discipline. Introduction With the vast amount of business documents being written on computers, the popular use of email, transaction of business on the internet, computer keep most civil litigation evidence that exist in our present day. It is unimaginable for any business of a sizable scale to function properly, these days, without the use of computer or any form of computing device. Unfortunately, what was designed to help solve almost all problem that exist, (being social networking, e-commerce, entertainment, personal dairy, communication), is posing a great threat to the society that should benefit from it. Imagine a company that buys used cars online and re-sell them to make profits, provides its employees with fast internet access. An employer search through the usual websites and found an interesting car at cheap price, instead of doing the transaction unbehalf of the company, he bought the car for himself. The manager saw him with the car the next day and raised suspicion. He then consulted a forensic investigator to handle the case. Special procedures may have to be carried out during a computer forensic investigation in order that any information gathered is eligible for use in a court of law. The investigation revealed that he used his account to log on to the work computer for the deal during working hours. The investigator found something else, a child pornographic material on his computer. Is this a computer crime? r an abuse of company’s policy? , or something else?. Would the evidence found by an investigator contracted to do one job but did more be accepted in the court, if indicted? Would the Irish Data Protection Act of 1988 protect his secret from prosecution? or face Child Traffic and Pornographic Act 1998? Due to the fact that computer crime is generally new, specialized legislation is in place for some computer and digital specific criminal behaviour, and forensic investigators should be aware of this. The Irish Computer Crime Law The Irish Legislations that are relevant in the area of computer crime are the Criminal Damage Act, 1991, and the recent Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act, 2001. The Criminal Damage Act, 1991, Section 2(1) introduced the offence of damage to property, defined as – â€Å"a person who without lawful excuse damages any property belonging to another intending to damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property should be damaged is guilty of an offence†. Property includes data and damage to data includes the addition, alteration, corruption, erasure, or movement thereof, or introduction of a virus therein, which causes damage. It shall be noted that the offence requires the absence of â€Å"lawful excuse† and, in addition, requires the accused to act with intent or recklessness. Summary conviction or on indictment carries different penalties. On summary conviction the penalties are a fine of up to â‚ ¬1,270 or imprisonment for up to 12 months, while on indictment; the penalties are a fine of up to â‚ ¬12,700 or imprisonment for up to 10 years, or both. The 1991 Act introduced a range of offences. Section 3 of the 1991 Act introduced the offence of threatening to damage property and Section 4 introduced the offence of possession of any thing with intent to damage property. Both carry the same penalties as a Section 2 offence Section 5 then introduced the offence of operation of a computer with intent to access data without lawful excuse. The offence is efined as – â€Å"a person who without lawful excuse operates a computer within the State with intent to access any data kept either within or outside the State, or outside the State with intent to access any data within the State, shall whether or not he accesses any data, be guilty of an offence†. The penalties on a conviction offender are a fine of up to â‚ ¬634, or imprisonment for up to 3 months. The recent update in Irish legislation, regarding computer-related crime in Ireland extends the previous Act and introduced the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud) Offenc es Act, 2001. The 2001 Act introduced various new offences into Irish law, most importantly, the Act which appear under Section 9. Section 9 states – â€Å"a person who dishonestly, whether within or outside the State, operates or causes to be operated a computer within the State with the intention of making a gain for himself or herself or another, or of causing loss to another, is guilty of an offence†. This section introduced the concept of â€Å"dishonesty† into Irish computer related crime. The offender can be located either inside or outside the State and is required to act dishonestly, meaning â€Å"without a claim of right made in good faith†. The operation of a â€Å"computer† is required. The ever-increasing development of technology available to commit crime over the internet requires international co-operation beyond ordinary domestic legislation. Section 9 of the 2001 Act, which aim at a person, â€Å"whether within or outside the State†, point out the possibility of jurisdictional issues that comes up, and has allowed the courts to try an offender irrespective of their location at the relevant time. operates† physical machine must be operated from the state or cause to be operated; doesn’t require physical control of the machine, can be remotely controlled outside of the state. Section 9 of the 2001 Act, the presence of intent is required, that could relate to the unauthorised access of another’s computer or, alternative ly, authorised access of a computer for unauthorised purposes bad faith use e. g. DOS. The intention must be to make a gain, whether for himself, or herself, or another, or, alternatively, to cause a loss to another. This carries a more severe offence than existed law under the 1991 Act. An indictable offence that carries a potential fine of unspecified amount, or maximum of 10 years in prison, or both. Privacy and Data Protection Even if the Irish Constitution of 1937 does not clearly state the right to privacy, in the Kennedy & Arnold v Ireland [1987] IR 587, the Irish court recognised the existence of this law. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides that: †¢ Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and correspondence. †¢ There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. The Irish Data Protection Act 1988 was passed on 13 July 1988, and implemented on 19 April 1989. This Act established the Irish Data Protection Commission. The Irish legislation was updated in 2003 by the Data Protection (Amendment) Act, which incorporates Directive 95/46/EC into Irish law. The law means Data protection is about your fundamental right to privacy. You may access and correct data about yourself, but those who keep data about you have to comply with Data Protection Act. An individual or an organisation that collects stores or processes any data about living people on any type of computer or in a structured filing digital system, found guilty of an offence under the Acts can be fined amounts up to â‚ ¬100,000, on conviction on indictment and/or may be ordered to delete all or part of the database. There are two major sections in 2003 Data Protection amendment; (1) Manual data which are held in filing systems, that is data that is recorded as part of a relevant filing system or with the intention that it should form part of a relevant filing system. (2) Relevant filing system means that the set is structured in such a way that specific information relating to a particular individual is readily accessible

Case study based assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Based assignment - Case Study Example Sudden herniation through the foramen magnum (back of the skull) is fatal (Kennedy, 2001). Increased ICP is defined as a sustained elevation in pressure above 20mm of Hg/cm of H20. The craniospinal cavity may be considered as a balloon. During slow increase in volume in a continuous mode, the ICP raises to a plateau level at which the increase level of CSF absorption keeps pace with the increase in volume. Intermittent expansion causes only a transient rise in ICP at first. When sufficient CSF has been absorbed to accommodate the volume the ICP returns to normal. Expansion to a critical volume does however cause persistent raise in ICP, which thereafter increases logarithmically with increasing volume. The ICP finally rises to the level of arterial pressure, which it self begins to increase (Thamburaj, 2004). Raised ICP causes arterial hypertension, bradycardia (Cushing's response) and respiratory changes. It is traditionally accepted that hypertension and bradycardia are due to ischaemia or pressure on the brainstem. There is also a suggestion that they could be due to removal of supratentorial inhibition of brainstem vasopressor centers due to cerebral ischaemia and that bradycardia is independent of the rise in blood pressure. The respiratory changes depend on the level of brainstem involved. The midbrain involvement results in Chyne-Stokes respiration. When midbrain and pons are involved, there is sustained hyperventilation. There is rapid and shallow respiration when upper medulla involvement with ataxic breathing in the final stages. Pulmonary edema seems to be due to increased sympathetic activity as a result of the effects of raised ICP on the hypothalamus, medulla or cervical spinal cord (Thamburaj, 2004). There are observable signs that point out that Joyce is indeed suffering from increased intracranial pressure. The most significant of which was the dilation of the left eye. It was revealed in the assessment data that Joyce's pupil in the left eye is greater than her right eye. This only shows that there is malfunctioning in her internal head part or within the brain, particularly in the right side of her brain. it should be noted that dilation of the eyes must be equal on both sides as a result of normal functioning inside the brain. And because the left eye's pupil is dilated more than the right eye, it can only be assumed that there is a very strong pressure inside the brain, forcing the left eye's pupil to be dilated heavily. Another significant data that shows that the patient is suffering from raised intracranial pressure is her abnormal blood pressure, body temperature and intracranial pressure rates. All of these three aspects are beyond and/or under the normal limit of an average person. Joyce's blood pressure is very low (the normal blood pressure is 110/70 - 120/80). This could only mean that there is something wrong in her blood circulation which can be affected by the electrolytes and or malfunctioning of some of her body organs, nerves and systems. Her body temperature is beyond the normal limit which is 37 degree Celsius to 37.5 degree Celsius (Dunn, 2002). Abnormal blood pressure also shows that her blood circulation and body organs are not working properly thereby affecting the production of body heat. Joyce's intracranial pressure is also high and over the limit of the normal rate. This reflects that there is an increased intracr

Revised Analytical Essay about Poetry Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revised Analytical about Poetry - Essay Example The study develops an understanding of the poetic approaches emphasized upon by a professor and his student in literature that are from different races. The poem theme for English B implicitly resembles an answer, written in the form of a stream-of-consciousness to the indirect question, what we can call true. The main theme of the poem and specifically in this context is the quest to look for answers in the issue of discrimination of people through color, race, and self-identification (Scott, 2006). The poem also analyzes the means and ways of dealing with this through the theme of English B analysis based on the instructor and his student’s work (Sherry & Schouten, 2006). The theme for English B analysis poem starts with a question from the student, twenty-two year old who is the only colored in his class and wonders if it would be that simple to write a page out of him that could be considered true. Therefore, the student has received an assignment to write about something that would be true, but he asks himself if it would be that simple. This question could have a dual meaning for example, if writing the task would be an easy task or not and on the other hand, if a complicated notion of truth could be easy to gather from the poem (Leach, 2004). The poem though gives answers to both questions but as for the latter, the answer has been given in the form a thread penetrating the whole poem. For example, the poem starts with ‘I wonder if it is true’(line 6) then an answer is alluded which says it is not easy for me to know what is true for me(line 16) and then the thread is concluded with ‘but we are, that’s true’(line 36). Harlem was the center of development and prosperity of Africa American community in the period of Harlem renaissance. Though Harlem was based in New York, it has been known to be associated

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Questions - Assignment Example Labeling of the media and sex education damages the character of young women. She describes a dangerous connection between chastity and pornography. Valenti explains that porn in America is essential for those in virginity movement for justifying extreme regressivism. Young women see their bodies and sexuality as commodities because the society believes that their sexuality is not their own. 2- Sexual harassment, does it exist? According to the reading (The Myth of Male Decline) by coontz The size of dividend is varies across race and class, but men count on excluding women on the most desirable jobs. An average male high school graduate earns more than a female average graduate female working the same hours. The patriarchal dividend at home gives men a right to decide where the family should live and make significant financial decisions. The privilege given to men trump women approval to sex thus marital rape is not a crime. The wages of women have risen for decades, as the wages of men remain stagnant (Valenti, Pp 56). The wages of women started from a lower base because of discrimination. Even with their improvement, women earning are still low compared to men earnings. Currently women make 40 percent of full time managers. However, their wages are 73 percent of what male managers earn. There are field that are gender segregated such as schoolteachers and social workers. In the year 1980, the percentage of primary school teachers and social workers was 75 and 64 percent respectively. Currently women make 80 and 81 percent of these fields respectively. Research indicates that occupation increase for women, the net pay for those jobs go down (Mouse, Pp3). 3- Sexual discrimination is a Glass ceiling madness- according to the reading ( no girls allowed ) Glass ceiling starts remarkably early from the time a woman get into the work force. After women graduate from college and get into the work force, they encounter much discrimination. Companies believe that wome n are not as competent as men when it comes to work. A woman receives less salary than a man does even though they have the same education and training. Many men put glass ceiling for women, as they believe that females are not steady for careers. They believe that women place is at home taking care of the house and raising children. The power of a woman in the past was restricted over her future. Women were forced to depend on men because men represented women. Women were portrayed as her husband’s wife or her children’s mother. The responsibility of women was to work at home producing cloth, cooking and nursing the family. Today women want to have careers and become independent in life. Men do not understand that some women do not have a choice (The Problem That Has No Name, 3). This is because some never get married or have families of their own hence; they have no choice but to throw themselves in their job. Other women are single parents or divorced, and they need work to support their children. 4- Gender pay gap. Who needs a dollar when you have seventy-six cents? Discuss it according to the readings There is no reason to have a salary gap between a man and a woman during their first year in their job. This is because they both have the same qualifications for the job (Valenti, Pp 87). Women do not show any incapability for accomplishing their jobs, yet they are treated unequally from their male counterparts. This discrimination has gone on for months as a

Philosophy class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy class - Essay Example This foundational belief is no other than the cogito, i.e. the â€Å"I†. But how does Descartes arrive at the cogito? On what grounds is Descartes certain that this â€Å"I†, which he claims to be the foundation of all his knowledge, is invulnerable from any deceiver? These are the questions that I shall systematically address throughout this essay. Let me begin with Descartes’ vision. Descartes had a vision, a plan to establish a unified physical science wherein all sciences would form into one systematic whole. This unified science was, for Descartes, a rationalistic one. For, it ought to be based on the methods and principles of mathematics. Why mathematics? For mathematics is the only reliable means for arriving at genuine knowledge of reality, i.e. truth. Indeed, truth was Descartes’ passion. He sought to find this truth even if it means overthrowing all his existing beliefs. For, he realized that all his ideas were doubtful and all his beliefs are fa lse. Of course, how can one claim to have knowledge if the very foundations for my knowledge are either doubtful or false? It is in this regard that he decided to overthrow all these existing beliefs and ideas and use only reason as his sole basis for establishing a permanent truth. Herein, mathematics was Descartes solution. He will use mathematics as his model for his use of reason, in achieving absolute certainty. What is so special about the methods of mathematics? Mathematics uses two principal mental operations: intuition and deduction. It is in this regard that Descartes’ goal as a philosopher is to build a system of philosophy based on intuition and deduction. For, his ultimate goal was to do a total reconstruction of human knowledge. He was determined to find his self-evident or foundational principle, which will serve as his first principle, from which absolutely certainty can be deduced. But what are the requirements for such a foundational belief? First, it has to be clear and distinct insofar that it cannot be doubted. Second, It should be absolute and independent, and should not be based on any other belief. And third, it should be something that exists. So given these said requirements, how then will Descartes establish his foundational belief? Descartes will use the method of doubt, which he terms methodological skepticism. He defines this as the use of doubt methodologically, in order to arrive at true knowledge (Lavine, 1984). So, in doubting all his beliefs and ideas, he classifies then into categories, starting with his beliefs on sense perception. Why? Descartes says that these are by nature, deceptive, and that we cannot tell whether we are dreaming or not. Next, he doubted his beliefs in material objects. Why? For material objects and the physical world are based upon sense perception, which we have established to be deceptive. Third are his beliefs on natural sciences. Why? For it uses objects that are based on sense perception, which we have already established to be deceptive and thus untrustworthy. And fourth, Descartes surprisingly doubted his belief in mathematics. Herein, he invented a malevolent demon that conditions his mind and deceives him with his mathematical ideas. For, even if mathematics is his sole basis for clear and distinct ideas, he sometimes falls into error. One may wonder, why does he have to create a demon to doubt his belief in mathematics? Mathematics was just one of Descartes’ reasons for inventing this demon. For, he uses this

Burning Man Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Burning Man - Research Paper Example Essentially, there is a conclusion that the festival is one that celebrates the creativity that one individual had toward the manipulation of the ideas of others. As such, this work will explain the correlation between the concepts of the age of propaganda and the concepts of burning man festival (Kozinets 12). The correlation could further be an explanation to the hypothesized concept that we perhaps all humans could be subject to manipulation of the ideologies of a narrow segment of persons, which is their propaganda. The work is, therefore, an insight to the idea that some of the most popular hypes in life develop into life-changing experiences, yet they have little relevance. The work is a development of the idea that the creators of the Burning man ceremony sought to be relevant enough to their followers by sympathizing with their moods. The founders of the movement thought of the idea that if they spent time in isolation, they would be happy. If the founders were happy, the followers would also be happy, which means that spending time in isolation meant that the followers and the founders were equally happy. The founders of the movement thought that they should make their followers feel cared for in the process of the festival. The founders believed that their happiness would only come with their satisfaction of the happiness of others. The work will also support the ideas we could all be victims of manipulation of the ideologies of one or a group of individuals, which is their propaganda. Alternately, some would say that the differentiation of ethos is what makes burning man an extreme creative, chaotic anarchy, inspirational enlightenment and civic s ustainability. One might wonder how ideas so small spread to the level that they become household facts and even form a part of the culture of their believers. Well, such a concept has its

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Statistics - Essay Example Z-Revenue is higher for Citicorp 3.69 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Z-profit is highest for Chase Manhattan Bank 3.23 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Summarize all these results; it can be said that only four banks has higher Revenue and Profit that BankTen: The BankTen does not has significantly higher profit per employee $0.041K than industry average $ 0.037K. Profit per employee with two standard deviation above the mean is $0.06. Profit per employee with two standard deviation below mean is $0.02. J.P.MORGAN & CO., BANK OF NEW YORK CO., BARNETT BANKS, REPUBLIC NEW YORK CORP. has profit per employee more than two standard deviation beyond the mean. J.P. Morgan & Co., Bank of New York Co and Republic New York Co. are the top three firms with respect to profit per employee and Barnett Banks is the bank with the lowest profit per employee. Although BankTen is not one of the top performers, it has an average performance (with 72.7 percentile on the profit per employee) on Revenue and Profits except number of employees, where it needs to improve its performance either by generating more revenue and profits with same number of employees or reduce the workforce for improving its profit per

MET329 Fluid Power Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MET329 Fluid Power - Research Paper Example The course was inspired by the long time application of fluid power dating back from ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia where water was used for irrigation (Hill 143-152). Fluid power course includes various engineering and science modules, which covers topics such as dam design, pipe flow, pumps, hydropower, flow measurements, turbines, erosions, and river channel behaviors (Eckert 20). The accredited person with a fluid power degree can find an opportunity in various industries such as mining to operate mining machineries, in the real estate industries to offer services such as lift maintenance. The experience related to fluid power can also be applied in motor vehicles, agriculture, and in any other engineering projects where power is generated from gas and fluids. In conclusion, the MET329 Fluid Power course is rooted in ancient civilizations where it was used on irrigation, boats, among other applications. It started as technological advancements, but today is studied as a career subject, which can assist one to be employed in various industries such as water supply, irrigations, and hydraulic motors amongst others. The course will shape the world’s technological scope in the future by offering special research algorithms of automating all machineries through fluid

Triaxial undrained test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Triaxial undrained test - Essay Example In turn the values from this graph as well as the resulting Excel sheets were used to determine the maximum deviator stress for each sample under investigation. The maximum deviator stress and the relevant cell pressure for all three samples are shown in the table below. The calculation was carried out relying on the test equipment that produced values for measured force using a load cell calibration constant. The calibration constants for all three samples are presented in the table below. The highest value of corrected stress was taken from this graph and the tables and was plotted in the form of Mohr’s circles. Once the Mohr’s circles were drawn, they were connected together using a common tangent. This tangent is critical to the calculations required as the y-intercept represents cohesion while the inverse of the gradient of the tangent represents the internal friction angle of the soil. The plot of Mohr’s circles and the resulting graph is shown below. Using the plot shown above the y-intercept and the angle that the tangent made with the horizontal were calculated. The y-intercept was 306.68 while the angle of the tangent with the horizontal was 3.62 degrees. Once this was found, it was time to find out the void ratio and the degree of saturation. This was done with the help of the taken weights (which are shown in the table below for all samples) and with the use of the formulas shown after them. The results obtained from the Mohr plot indicate that the soil has a high cohesion (306.68 kN/m2) but a small angle of friction (15.81 degrees). In turn this can be used to surmise that the soil sample under investigation has relatively good shearing properties although it is prone to failure if the angle of repose is increased by a large amount. The other thing to take note of is whether the soil sample under investigation has been packed

Energy Crisis and Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Energy Crisis and Pakistan Essay There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy in Pakistan as a result of industrial development and population growth, as compared to increase in energy production. The number of energy consumers has increased to 12.5 million: household 46 per cent, industry 28 per cent, agriculture 12 per cent, bulk supply nine per cent and commercial five per cent. For faster economic growth, Pakistan need more generation. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to out-dated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load shedding is a common phenomenon in all cities. Energy crisis in Pakistan started in 2007 and in 2008 it took a serious turn. During 2009-10, energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0.64 per cent and 3.09 per cent respectively in comparison to previous year. Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20,000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is producing about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. The power companies, circular debt is a big issue which has risen to 230 billion. Line losses, mainly theft, lone contributed Rs.125 billion to circular debt. It is better for the government to focus on curtailing power theft. Mere power tariff raise could not revive the power sector, as numerous hikes in the past have not resolved the chronic problems of circular debt and power theft. Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumptions stood at 43.7 per cent, followed by oil 29.0 per cent, electricity 15.3 per cent, coal 10.4 per cent and LPG 1.5 per cent. Guddu plant is largest thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) are: Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb river (1,300 MW). In 1994 during the Benazir’s government the IPs projects were bitterly opposed, blaming the government of taking commissions in these projects. However, no one had any idea how to solve the electricity problems. The situation went complicated when the civil-military bureaucracy didn’t allow Nawaz government to export surplus power to India because trading with the enemy on the basis of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status was not acceptable to them. Now the circumstances have changed and we are ready to import electricity from India by granting them the same MFN status. Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Pakistan is having rich resources of energy in hydel power; however, only 34 per cent of total electricity generation is coming from this power. Currently we are having 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 t0 45000 MW. Current hydropower stations are: Tarbella Dam: 3,478 MW; Ghazi Barotha: 1,450 MW; Mangla 1,000 MW; Warsak 240 MW and Chashma 184 MW. Potential hydropower stations are: Diamer-Basha Dam 4,500 Mw; Munda Dam-Swat River in Mohmand Agency 740 MW; Kalabagh Dam 2400-3600 MW; Bunji Dam 5400MW and Dasu Dam 3800 MW. Alternative sources of energy: Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which create electricity. Though Pakistan has potentials of wind energy ranging from 10000 Mw to 50000 Mw, yet power generation through wind is at the initial stages and currently 06 Mw has been installed in first phase in Jhimpir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. More wind power plants will be built in Jhimpir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi. Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air. Pakistan has the potential of more than 100,000 Mw from solar energy. Building of solar power plants is underway in Azad Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan. However, private vendors are importing panels/solar water heaters for consumption in the market. Alternative energy Development Board (AEDB) is working for 20,000 solar water heaters in Gilgit Baltistan. Mobile companies have been asked by the government is shift supply of energy to their transmission towers from petroleum to solar energy panels. Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as sugarcane, corn or other vegetation to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programmes from biomass/biodiesel in the world, followed by the US. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has planned to generate 10MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar projects in 20 other cities. Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission reaction to generate energy by the reaction of uranium inside a nuclear reactor. Pakistan has a small nuclear power programme, with 425 MW capacity, but there are plans to increase this capacity substantially. Since Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it is excluded from trade in nuclear plant or material which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy. Remaining issue in development of nuclear energy are enrichment of uranium from U235 to U238, controlling chain reaction and dumping of solid waste. Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet demand. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 Mw, we are having around 115000 MW. Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43.7 per cent) and oil (29 per cent majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase manifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan. A rational energy mix planning ought to be developed giving greater dependency to renewable (hydel power), indigenous (coal) and alternative energy resources (wind and solar energy). Coal: Pakistan is having one of the largest coal fields in Thar, having reserves of more than 175 billion tonnes, which exceeds equivalent oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc. In addition to power generation, this coal can be used for chemical and fertilizer production. Moreover, employment provided to workforce can be instrumental in increasing GDP and economic prosperity to many families. This is a positive sign that our renowned scientist, Dr, Samar Mubarakmand, has been working on the project to produce electricity from coal. Pakistan has potential of hydro resources to generate 41000 to 45000 MW; however, only 6555 MW is currently being generated by this important renewable resource. Four large hydropower dams namely Kalabagh 3600 MW, Bhasha 4500 Mw, Bunji 5400 and Dasu 3800 MW can be constructed to generate hydroelectricity. Similarly, many small to medium hydro plants can be installed on rivers and canals, etc. Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy directly influences all other sectors of the economy. The economic progress is hampered by decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to shortfalls in energy supply. Social issue: this factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking, heating, and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and results in agitation against the government. Decline in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around 40 per cent of our population is living below the poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing this menace. Conclusion: energy crisis has, more or less, plagued all sectors ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, the menace of energy crisis can be controlled by the government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of all Pakistanis, to utilise the available energy astutely and play our due role in the progress of our country. Following measures will be helpful in fighting the menace of energy crisis.

Restriction on the Entry of New Firm

Restriction on the Entry of New Firm Monopoly is a single seller and large number of buyers. There is a single seller producing a commodity that has no close substitute. The monopoly market is still solely by mutually beneficial exchange of firm exist and many. Besides that, investigate the impact of a relaxation of the multiple firms assumption on equilibrium. Introduction to monopoly Monopoly is a form of market structure where there is a single seller producing a commodity that has no close substitutes. There is no difference between firm and industry and monopoly form as imperfect market. Besides that, monopoly is the sole provider of goods and services. 2.1 Characteristics of Monopoly There are some characteristics of monopoly market. One seller and large number of buyers The one of monopoly characteristic is one seller and large number of buyers is large and the size of each firm is very small. The number of buyers also large and this firm cannot influence the market price. So basically, individual firm does not bother about the reactions of the firm. Besides that, adjusts its sale to earn maximum profits and the price given under perfect competition. The demand of individual buyers relative to the total demand. And so small that cannot influence the price of the product by his individual action. Product has no lose substitutes The second characteristics is, product differentiation, there is product are close substitutes but not perfect substitutes. Its means, products are alike but not equal. For an example, Colgate toothpaste is slightly different from Darlie toothpaste. Otherwise, similarly dettol soap is different from life buoy soap. But if the buyers can find any substitutes for toothpaste and soap means, may be the differences is real or imaginary but its create attachments. Consumers prefer one product to another, under monopolistic competition. Monopoly cannot exist if there is a competition or any substitute product because consumers or buyers could not find any replacement for the product. Restriction on the entry of new firm. The third characteristics of the monopoly are, firm under monopolistic are easy to entry and leave the industry. Barriers are not entry is natural or legal restriction that restricts the entry of new firms into the industry. Hence, a firm has legal control over other firms. There is restricting competition in the market. Advertising In monopoly market, advertising is depends to the product sold. If the product is good and services means, the monopoly needs make advertisement to inform consumers on the goods. So that, its try to establish goods of its own products. By the advertising, consumers can know their selling costs. However, if the products are not luxury goods such as water service, electricity service, and local telephone service, then the seller no need to create any advertisement. This is because a lot of the buyers know that where are the places and locations to get and purchase these few products. 2.1.1 Diagram The Monopolist and Profit Maximization In the diagram, the quantity of produced and price charged has own control for both of it. That also, entire demand curve for goods and services produced. So that, it will facing a downward slopping demand curve in the diagram. Equivalently, a monopoly never operates in the inelastic portion of its demand curve. Monopolist Profit Maximization What happens if the monopolist later faces a demand curve such as D1? In that case, the monopolist cannot cover costs and will go out of business. 2.1.2 Demand, Marginal Revenue, and Elasticity http://cyro.cs-territories.com/asa2_economics/unit4/images/monopolisticcompetitionlongrun1.png In the diagram, demand curve is elastic as there many firms. So that, there is lack of close substitutes. The profits shown as abnormal where the shaded area and competitor the short run. As shown in the graph above, a monopolist facing demand curve D0 will produce quantity Q0 and the price charged will be equal to P0. 2.1.3 Conclusion All in all, monopoly have four characteristics of structure. Besides that, monopoly is the sole provider of goods and services. The monopoly market is still solely by mutually beneficial exchange of firm exist and many. 3.0 Difference between Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly have their own respectively features. Their characteristic of their four markets is not same. In monopoly, the market structure in which there is only one producer and seller for a product. Oligopoly is only few firms that make up an industry and select group of firms has control over the price. Monopoly and oligopoly has high barriers to entry. Then, monopoly structure is opposite for perfect competition. Perfect competition are has many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and there are many substitutes. 3.1 Differentiate between perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly 3.1.1 Perfect competition Perfect competition is a market is a possible market where competition is at its greatest in possible level. The products are homogeneous and seller can easily enter and exit from their market. Number of seller and buyers Perfect competition is very large numbers of firms in the market. Perfect competition also existence of large number of buyers and sellers. There is no dominating firm and all firms are usually small and are price takers, because the individual sales volume is relatively small compared to market volume. Perfect competition also, has many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and as a result, many substitutes. This ensures that no single firm can exert market control over price or quantity. If one firm decides to double its output or stop producing entirely, the market is unaffected. The price does not change and there is no discernible change in the quantity exchanged in the market. Unrestricted to entry and exist The second characteristics of perfect competition is there are unrestricted on the entry and exist of both buyers and sellers. A firm can easily enter into perfect competition market and leave the market at any time, if that firm cannot continue the firm. The absence of such barriers does not affect the prices, and there is always a substitute for suppliers, who enters and leaves if, wants. If any losses occur the firm will exist the industry without any reason. This is important to understand the free entry and free exist is possible in the long-time firm. Homogeneous product There another condition of perfect competition is homogeneous product that is a product offer for sale by seller. It must be goods offers for sale and perfect substitutes of one another seller. One firm cannot differentiate the same products sold in the industry because buyers can identify the difference in terms of colors, quality and packing. There is mean, even though the products are same in nature but there is difference in terms of quality. Seller cannot raise the price above the prevailing price or lower the price. Homogeneity of product has an important implication for the market if products of different seller. Besides that, buyers not care who they buy from, as long as the price is same. Maximum profits In the perfect competition, profit maximization determine by the quantity of product they sell. The marginal cost by the product of a single unit of the product is equal to the marginal revenue. Total revenue and total cost approach are the profit maximization. When the cost is lowest, and then only can be maximum profit. 3.1.2 Monopolistic competition The concept monopolistic competition is more realistic than perfect competition. Monopolistic competition market each firm has its own price policy. The most things from another thing feature of monopolistic competition are the products of various firms are not identified. But they are close substitutes for each others. In the case, monopolistic and perfect competition is characteristic by the existence of sellers. The firms do not produce perfect substitutes. Otherwise, each firm has a small percentage of the total monopolistic market and thus has limited control over market price. Product differentiates. Under monopolistic competition, product differentiation may entail physical or qualities differences in the products by their selves. There output product are differentiated between which are relatively close substitutes for each other. So that, that product prices cannot be very much different from each other. Product differentiated by location, services, designs, and brand names. The firms in monopolistic competition will differentiated their products and make them more appealing to the customers in order to maximize their profits. Control over price In the short run of monopolistic competition acts like monopoly. Its can increase their prices in at time because they differentiated their product. It is a unique feature of monopolistic competition. In such type of market, due to product differentiation, every firm has to incur some additional expenditure in the form of selling cost. This cost includes sales promotion expenses, advertisement expenses, and salaries of marketing staff. But on account of homogeneous product in perfect competition and zero competition in monopoly, selling cost does not exist there. 3.1.3 Oligopoly In an oligopoly, there are only a few firms that make up an industry. This select group of firms has control over the price and, like a monopoly; an oligopoly has high barriers to entry. Main characteristic of oligopoly is interdependence of firms in the industry. Sum more, in the oligopoly market, all firms can earn abnormal profits in the long run because, the entry of new firms are difficult. Oligopoly is not like monopolistic market, because if firms change the prices or output, it has noticed effects on the sales and profits of its competitors. Small number of large firm Approaches from small number of large firm are each which is relatively large compared to the overall size of market. Under oligopoly, few firms control the overall industry and there is no specific number of firms that must control the market. Homogeneous of differentiated product Under oligopoly, when a product sold that can be either a homogeneous or a differentiated product. For example, petroleum, steel and etc. and also, oligopoly focus on goods sold. Basically, people have different wants needs and thus enjoy variety. Such as, automobiles and computers. Barriers no entry Barriers no entry is similar to monopoly market. The oligopoly firms will restrict new entry into the market. In this industry, a few huge firms own most of the available iron ore, a necessary raw material for steel production. Once the new firms are out of the market, there large firms reduce the production will increase the price. In these cases, barriers to entry are low, and it also as small investment may be required to enter the market structure. 3.1.4 Monopoly Monopoly can be considered opposite of perfect competition. It is a market form in which there are only sellers. Even though, there are many factors to rise up monopoly market. There is only one supplier; and the demand curve that individual firms face is the market demand curve. A monopoly firm is deemed to have considerable control over the price of its product. In the case a monopoly can also arise if a company owns the entire supply of a necessary material needed to produce a product. 3.1.5 Conclusion Characteristic Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of firms Very Many Many Few One Type of Product Homogeneous Differentiated Homogeneous / Differentiated Only product of its kind (no close substitute) Ease of entry Very easy Relatively easy Not Easy Impossible Price Setting power Nil (Price taker) Somewhat Limited Absolute (Price Maker) Non Price Competition None Considerable Considerable for a differentiated oligopoly Somewhat Productive efficiency Highly efficient Less Efficient Less Efficient Inefficient Long run profits 0 0 Positive High Examples Doesnt Exist; agriculture close Fast Food, retails stores, cosmetics Cars, Steel, soft drinks, cereals Small town newspaper, rural gas station 4.0 Conclusion and recommendations In the whole assignments, I learned about microeconomics subject ant it is a very important subject to whom taking business course. The subject teaches every student about business skills and helps to learn about business knowledge of economics. In first question, I know the characteristics of monopoly. I also learn the differentiated of monopoly in the markets. The second question is about the differentiate between perfect competition, monopolistic competition, monopoly and oligopoly markets. From this question, I learned about the four characteristics of the markets such as the four markets are not same all the times. In spite of this assignment, I thank to my lecturer and coordinator for guide us to do this introduction to business. I appreciate from this assignment that I can know well about the business chapters. Appendix

Ethics And Scandals In Financial Reporting Accounting Essay

Ethics And Scandals In Financial Reporting Accounting Essay Integrity is of utmost importance for a successful career in business and finance in the long run. Some believe that the world of finance lacks ethical considerations. Whereas the truth is that such issues are prevalent in all areas of business. The business environment in much of the world is reeling from the revelation of several financial scandals in the past few years. The optimism of the turn of the century has been replaced by scepticism and distrust. It will be discussed as to how we landed ourselves in this situation, what is being done to correct it, and what the future holds for us. Though Enron has been used as the poster-child for this purpose, breakdowns in accounting and corporate governance in Enron as well as in other companies will be discussed. Some companies that have encountered financial reporting problems will be discussed along with the role of auditors (including Andersens role in Enron), the regulatory environment, some of the causes of the problems, and the current and possible future outcomes. Ethics and Accounting Ethics (maintaining true and fair statements) is a key part of financial reporting. For shareholders to trust a company with money, they must feel confident in the companys financial reporting. Financial reporting presents all data relating to the entitys  current, historical and projected health meaning investors and shareholders rely upon the available financial data for making informed and educated decisions. To help entities comply with business regulations and maintain financial reporting, shareholders can trust the existing organizations designed to watchdog different aspects of the accounting world. Primary among the organizations are the Securities and Exchange Committee (SEC), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). These three bodies together ensure financial reporting is fair, reliable, and available to all investors. The specific importance of ethics in business and in financial reporting is to inspire and ensure public and investor confidence in companies. Without a strong code of ethics, and adherence to that code, individuals may not be certain their investments are secure. Accounting professionals must have a strong ethical and moral reasoning as their decisions regarding financial reporting can have major consequences for individuals as well as corporations and entire nations. Ethics in the business environment are more than just issues that relate to accounting; because ethical practices can and will cross boundaries from business practice in to what a company may ask its accounting professionals to do in financial record-keeping and recording. The many recent scandals involving accounting fraud generally began at the CEO and made their way down into the financial records. Before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, various financial abuses such as WorldCom, Enron, and Adelphia Communications plagued the American public and affected economic health of the entire nation adversely. Most of these frauds stemmed from unethical accounting practices instituted at the highest levels of the corporations, but carried out in the financial reporting practices of public accounting firms. In December 2001, Enron, which used to be one of the worlds leading energy companies once, filed the largest bankruptcy in the history of the U.S., using the retirement accounts of thousands of American workers, to enrich those at the highest levels of the corporation. Using thousands of off-the-records partnerships to hide nearly $1 billion in debt and to inflate profits, company had defrauded shareholders of billions. Due to these scandals, President Bush and Congress were forced to take tough stance in the form of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in July of 2002. When ethics seem to be on the downfall in a society, the common man naturally turns to the government for guidance. Various crises in the history of the United States have led to creation of several regulatory bodies and laws. The three entities in the US, mentioned above, work closely together to ensure financial accounting is honest. The SEC, the FASB, and the PCAOB are each an independent entity, but they often work in cooperation in certain areas such as oversight and reporting. While these three bodies work together, they rely on cooperation from member companies and from participation from whistle-blowers in companies and public citizens. As the Enron collapse illustrated, there were systemic failures in the private-sector watchdog-groups. The SEC and the PCAOB must work closely together and include way to fast-track criminal cases. Enron and other financial reporting scandals Enron was a great symbol of widespread problem in corporate America as its rise was as spectacular as its fall. Enron, formed in 1985 when Internorth purchased Houston Natural Gas was soon being run mainly by Houston Natural Gas executives, with Ken Lay as CEO. In 1990, both Jeffrey Skilling and Andy Fastow were hired. In 1996, Skilling became the President and COO. A meteoric rise in both reputation and stock value came by, with Enron being named as one of Fortunes most admired companies in 2001 and its stock price peaking at $90.56 a share as on August 23, 2000. Much of the companys success was credited to the financial wizardry of Fastow. However, companys fall was just around the corner, with Skilling resigning in August of 2001. This was followed by a $1.2 billion write-off, and the beginning of an SEC investigation in October. By December, Enron had declared bankruptcy and the share price was $.26 per share. If Enron had been a lone case, concern would have dissipated quickly and confidence in capital markets would not have plumped. But it was not so. Before Enron, there were companies such as Waste Management and Sunbeam not significant by themselves, but they should have acted as a warning of what was to come. After Enron the disclosures kept coming. WorldCom was caught capitalizing expenses. While Enron was trying to outsmart the accounting and capital market regulators, WorldCom made accounting errors that even novice accounting students would know were inappropriate. A disturbing aspect of many of these scandals is the collusion among many executives. An important observation is that all of these scandals cant be attributed to one factor alone. Each one was different. Hence it can be concluded that the solution is not easy to find. There is no single accounting practice that made these entities vulnerable to executive excesses. What these scandals had in common was a culture that was pervasive in corporations. A culture had come in that made it permissible to lie to shareholders and the markets. The ends justify the means became the corporate mantra. Also, the watchdogs, the auditors had turned a blind eye with their focus just on their consulting businesses. They were not as vigilant as they should have been in audits. The auditors role in ensuring fair play Auditors are supposed to protect the public from the types of abuses that have been seen in the past. Even though financial statements are responsibility of management, the shareholders hire auditors for the protection of their interests and to add credibility to financial information provided by the firms. To be credible, auditors need both expertise and integrity. Expertise assures if there is a financial reporting irregularity, the auditor has the capacity to discover it. Integrity assures that auditors will disclose any irregularity they may find. These two qualities are essential. They are also multiplicative that is if either is missing, other has no value. It has been found that both were missing in many cases. Expertise was missing as audits had come under cost cutting measures of firms. This happened often at the cost of quality. Integrity was gone when auditors forgot that the first allegiance of a professional is to the public. Seldom did auditors betray management for the benefit of the public. Hence, even if they did discover reporting problems, rather than reporting them to the public they often helped management devise ways around the reporting problems. Auditors fell into this position (probably not because they were incompetent or unethical but) because of the cultures in major accounting firms. Andersen, Enrons auditor, is a classic example. There were good auditors who got caught up in an economic struggle leading to undue focus on revenue generation. An audit firm having the highest reputation for competence and integrity compromised on its values as that was the only way its partners thought to be economically competitive. In the more recent Satyam case in India, the fraud started at the top level management and reached the financial records. The role of Pricewaterhouse, Satyams auditor, is also controversial in the said scandal. Causes of financial reporting problems The regulatory environment had not changed suddenly then why did the financial reporting problems surface at the time, is a question to be pondered upon. There are many reasons, not one that dominates. It was a confluence of circumstances that opened eyes to the problems. The bursting of the bubble economy was a major reason these financial abuses came to light. When everything was seemed bright, nobody questioned companies financial reports. In accounting the lack of relevance of historical cost accounting and even the basic traditional accounting framework were being discussed. The new economy was not to last forever. And when it did not last, investors began to ask tough questions. For many of the questions, there were no answers only denials and cover-ups. In the auditing profession, audits had become loss leaders. The balance sheets and income statements had lost value, so auditing of the statements was not important. Thus, many audits became hasty and more of a formality. No one was willing to pay for quality audits, so many audit firms believed there remained no sense in competing on the basis of quality. Cost drove audit decisions. Lower cost even with lower quality was the norm. The passivity of corporate boards was also a contributor. This was worsened by the growing number of complex financial transactions, most of which were beyond understanding of board members, who had gained their experience before such instruments came into being. Even a former accounting professor heading Enrons Audit Committee, a person of utmost integrity, had difficulty understanding the implications of the companys financial manoeuvring. Finally, the biggest culprit is the corporate culture. Focus was laid on short-term gains forgetting about all long-run considerations. Also the executive scorecard became focused on salary. Many players had become greedy executives, investors, and attorney, among others but more than that was the need to compete on the basis of compensation. Implications for accounting educators The perpetrators of most of financial reporting scandals are former students, graduates of accounting or MBA programs. So educators must ask themselves: What are they doing wrong and what must they do to fix the problems? The first obvious reaction is to emphasize ethics in business and accounting curricula. This is important. Educators in a business ethics class can not dissuade someone who is inclined to commit a fraud from doing so. But it is also true that most perpetrators did not at the onset set out to commit a fraud. They simply got ended up on a slippery zone. Also, the most disappointing aspect about most of the scandals is the number of people who, (though not personally involved) knew what was happening and still did nothing. Exceptions to the rule are some courageous whistle blowers, many of whom were products of university accounting programs. Thus, the focus of ethics classes should be to recognize and analyse the situations that can lead to compromise on ones ideals and values, and to promote the reporting of inappropriate behaviour. This can be best done in context because ethics issues come up in context, with you imagining yourself in the real situation. It is easy to go into an ethics class and give the answer that the instructor wants. It is an altogether different thing to put ones self in a case situation with conflicting pressures, and determine the appropriate action when ethics is only one of the many factors impacting your decision. Conclusion The accounting profession is in the middle of a challenging time. A reputation gained over years and decades can be lost in a day. Accountants were thought of as persons of high integrity working at an uninteresting job. In the current scenario the job has gotten more interesting, but at the cost of their reputation for integrity. It is essential to win back the trust of the public and maintain their belief in the importance of accounting. The road to restoring integrity of accountants today is a long one. The job will neither be quick nor easy, with the new series of financial reporting scandals that have come up.

Analysis of the Spike Lees Movie Do the Right Thing Essay -- Movies F

Analysis of the Spike Lee's Movie Do the Right Thing For my shot analysis I chose a shot from the Spike Lee Movie Do the Right Thing. This is the second shot following the climactic riot scene. It features Da’ Mayor and Mother Sister reacting to the hellacious events of the previous night. The block was just devastated by a melee that broke out because the police killed Radio Raheem after he and Sal got in an altercation that was triggered by the volume of Radio Raheem’s boom box. Though at a very superficial level the fight was about the loud stereo, the real significance of the fight had more to do with the culmination of anger and tension between the characters of the film caused by prejudice and ignorance. This paper will analyze this shot from a technical standpoint. I chose t... Analysis of the Spike Lee's Movie Do the Right Thing Essay -- Movies F Analysis of the Spike Lee's Movie Do the Right Thing For my shot analysis I chose a shot from the Spike Lee Movie Do the Right Thing. This is the second shot following the climactic riot scene. It features Da’ Mayor and Mother Sister reacting to the hellacious events of the previous night. The block was just devastated by a melee that broke out because the police killed Radio Raheem after he and Sal got in an altercation that was triggered by the volume of Radio Raheem’s boom box. Though at a very superficial level the fight was about the loud stereo, the real significance of the fight had more to do with the culmination of anger and tension between the characters of the film caused by prejudice and ignorance. This paper will analyze this shot from a technical standpoint. I chose t...

Late Adulthood Essay -- essays research papers

Late Adulthood (age 60 – 80)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this closing period in the life span of human beings, people tend to â€Å"move away† from previous more desirable periods often known as â€Å"usefulness†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Age sixty is usually considered the dividing line between middle and old age. It is the time where you are considered an â€Å"elderly†- meaning somewhat old or advanced beyond middle age. Period of decline – comes partly from physical and partly psychological factors. The physical cause of decline is a change in the body cells due to the effects of the aging process. The psychological cause of decline has something to do with unfavorable attitudes towards oneself, other people, work and life in general. Senility – (â€Å"senile†) a more or less complete physical breakdown takes place and when there is mental disorganization. The individual becomes eccentric, careless, absentminded, socially withdrawn, and poorly adjusted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Attitudes toward the Old Age – due to the unfavorable social attitudes toward the elderly, treatment towards them in America, unlike other cultures, result in making them feel no longer useful, unwanted and more of a nuisance than an asset. People who come from countries where respect for the elderly is customary usually treat elder people with more consideration and respect. Old People as â€Å"second class citizens† – a status that excludes them to some extent from interaction with other groups in the population and which gives them little to no power in society. (Again a result from unfavorable social attitudes). Changes in Roles – from an active life having purpose and roles, even sometimes multiple roles, it is expected that old people will play a decreasingly less active role in social and community affairs as well as in the business and professional worlds. Because of the reduction in the number of roles the elderly person is able to play, the person will develop feelings of inferiority and resentment. Physical changes – the most obvious sings of aging are centered in the face although sometimes medical advancements have come up with ways to cover signs of aging, the hands are another part which give away the person’s age. Head region –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mouth changes shape   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ...in the speed with which the individual reaches a conclusion in both inductive and deductive reasoning. Retirement – during the adults earlier years, retirement looks better to them because of the increased leisure time and reduced stress. Although, when one actually comes to that point in their lives, retirement seems less desirable. At this age, people holding jobs suddenly feel they have lost all their power and prestige. They tend to again, feel useless without purpose. Women, adjust better to retirement than men. For women, the role change is not as radical because women still have the responsibility of playing the domestic role like taking care of the house. Happiness – there is a saying that during one’s late adulthood years, there are 3 factors that determine one’s happiness – Acceptance, Affection and Achievement. Without any one of these 3 things it is difficult if not impossible for the elderly to be happy. For example, when they feel they are being neglected by their children or other family members, when they feel that their past achievements have fallen short or when they have developed the â€Å"nobody loves me† complex it is inevitable that they be unhappy.

the Accident - Short Story :: essays research papers

The "Accident" The pick-up bounced jarringly down the old dirt road. The driver sat up straight in the front seat, checking over her shoulder every few seconds to make sure that her cargo hadn't fallen out. * * * * * She wasn't sure why she had done it, but the fact was, she had and she did not want to get caught. There was no way she could tell anyone, not even her best friend. What was she supposed to do? Go to the police? Tell them that it was an "accident"? She wasn't sure how you "accidentally" stabbed someone 6 times in the back. It had partially been his fault too. If he hadn't made her so mad, she wouldn't have jokingly gotten the knife out of the kitchen drawer. 'I'm going to kill you', she had said. But she didn't really mean it. Did she? Their argument got more heated, until he was screaming at her. And then he hit her. She was too shocked to say anything. He had always been so gentle. She stared at him for a minute, and then he turned around to leave. She's not sure what came over her at that minute, she doesn't even remember what she was thinking. But she does remember jumping on him, and knocking him to the floor, and then taking her knife and plunging it in and out of his back. She had no recollection of what happened for the next 10 minutes, perhaps she blacked out, but when she finally stood up, she knew what she had to do. She walked out to the garage and got a tarp down off the shelf. Her father used it to cover the wood pile, but she figured he probably wouldn't notice it was gone for a while. She took the tarp back into the kitchen and rolled the body on to it, checking to make sure that she didn't get blood onto anything that would be noticeably stained. The large pool of blood on the floor would be a problem, but she'd take care of that when she got back. She finally managed to get his body into the back of her truck. He had been a fairly good sized boy, and it was a struggle for her. She made sure that it was secure in the back, since the gate didn't always close right. She didn't want any accidental spills in the middle of the road.

Some Like It Hot

You must complete BOTH parts of this section. Format: – Each part must be written under the separate headings. – Present each of your observations as a bullet point. Each bullet point should identify your observation, indicate how and why this technique is used, and note the significance of this technique. – Note that you only have appear. 0 words per bullet point, since all ten bullet points are limited to 500 words, so you must be concise. – Each part has a series of terms/concepts which are there to help you think about the points you want to make.You do not have to discuss each of these terms; they are provided as a guideline. – You must write about the SAME film that you choose for your close reading in Section II. A) Sound (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) Using bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of the way that sound, music, dialogue and/or silence are used in the sequence, and provide concise examples. If relevant, you may also consider f ilm elements that stand in for sound, such as silent film titles.Possible elements you may (but do not have to) consider in your five observations: dietetic and non-dietetic sound synchronous and asynchronous sound music dialogue silence sound-image relations effect of soundtrack on characterization, etc. Onscreen and officered sound Using bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of editing in the sequence and briefly note the significance of the way each is used. Order of shots duration of shots shot transitions (I. E. , type of cut) nonentity editing or breaks in continuity rhythm and pace of the edit editing principles effects of cuts, etc.Short Essay (500 words) Putting It All Together (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) Write a short essay, with a brief introductory and concluding statement, that interprets your selected sequence in relation to the film's narration and thematic concerns. Taking into consideration soundtrack and editing, discuss how this sequence elaborates the narra tive meaning and main themes of the film as a whole. You should focus your points on the selected sequence, but strive to make injections to other parts of the film when/as relevant.You may draw on your technical observations from Section I to support your points here, but do not simply repeat your bullet points from the earlier section. Possible questions to consider (this is a guideline only, to help with brainstorming): What tools of narration are used? How does editing function as a tool of narration in this sequence? How does soundtrack support and affect the narration? What is the function of the sequence in the overall narrative structure of the film? Hint: You MUST watch the clip provided several times to do well on this assignment.To have a clear understanding of what your chosen film clip is about and how it fits within the narrative context, you will need to watch the whole film. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA the criteria below. What we're looking for in Section l: accurate technic al understanding insightful analysis (that is, how well you interpret the significance of the techniques rather than Just describing them) good choice of examples (from the clip) substance with succinctness (appear. 50 words per bullet point) What we're looking for in Section II: analysis of how technical elements (e. G. Ration, editing, sound) work in combination with one another engagement with film theme(s) as supported by technical observations coherent essay structure focused on insightful, key points clarity of prose and correct English usage

Kpop Intro Essay

Seo Taeji and the boys introduced rap, rock and techno in the music. Ever since then, many other idols or young singers have been coming out with these types of songs. Kim Bum Soo was also the first singer from South Korea to get into the Billboard hot 100 chart and ranked 51st in 2001 (North East Cricket Forum). Ever since Kim Bum Soo entered the Billboard chart, many other singers and idols also started to enter the charts. Then soon after, Wonder Girls made it into the Billboard chart with the song ‘Nobody’. Also, many of the singers go abroad to perform, like Japan, China, Philippines, Paris, USA, etc.Many of the singers are already performing in many other countries besides Korea. â€Å"Girls’ Generation signed with Interscope Records to release the group’s latest album in the United States last autumn and made its American television debut on David Letterman’s â€Å"Late Show† in January† (nytimes). Many others concerts were held in the US including SM Town New York, SM Town LA and the Google concert, which was held in San Francisco. Just to participate, all the singers that performed probably had many hours of training, but not all the singers in Korea came to perform. Only the popular singers performed.In order to rank high in the charts, or get into the Billboard charts, the singers and idols had to get months or years of training. The singers also have to wait in order to get a call from these countries saying to come over. The idols have about 12-17 hours of training each day for over a few months to years. The smallest amount of training in Exo-K was Baekhyun with about a year of training (Ohkpop). Suho had the longest amount of training in Exo-K, with about 7 years (Ohkpop). Jo kwon also had about 7 years of training in order to debut into the group 2AM (Seoul beats).However, IU only had about 10 months of training before debuting as a solo singer. â€Å"Trainees train almost nonstop for an average o f two to five years before being allowed to debut. † (Seoul beat) Trainees have to train a lot in order to debut and have to work hard or they get cut from the entertainment (Seoul beat). Entertainments usually train idols in order to perfect the skills. â€Å"The goal of the training period is to build up a potential K-pop group member’s stamina in terms of both singing and dancing. † (Seoul beat) In Korean entertainments, training is a must and it is focused on mostly dancing and singing.The idols train in order to perfect the synchronization. Many of the idols or singers were casted since elementary, junior high school or high school years. The more famous the singers are, the more money there is. â€Å"Up until the 3rd quarter of 2011, Girls’ Generation raked in a grand total of $19. 3 million USD. † (allkpop) Girls Generation has even entered the billboard charts and have performed in Paris, USA, other parts of Asia, etc alongside DBSK, Shinee, F(x), Kangta, Super Junior, etc. â€Å"Over that same time frame (up until the 3rd quarter of 2011), Super Junior earned $12. 25 million USD, TVXQ earned $10. million USD, SHINee earned $5 million USD, and f(x) earned $3. 3 million USD. † (Allkpop) These singers had many years of training and some of the members had different amount from the others, but got to debut in the same group as each other. Just because some of the trainees had more training than the other does not necessarily mean that they will be more popular. In an idol group called Beast, Junhyung makes the most money, yet another one of his members named Yoseob trained the longest out of all of them (Allkpop). Out of all the idols, G. Dragon from Big Bang makes the most money and IU is third yet she had only 10 months of training.Jo Kwon from 2AM is in thirteenth place and yet he had about 7 years of training (Allkpop). Some of the idol groups, like Beast takes the money that was earned from personal work and s plit it equally with the members. â€Å"The boys guested on the latest episode of  MBC TV‘s ‘Radio Star‘, where they  revealed that their wages were split equally, regardless of who appeared on variety shows, dramas, or commercials. † (allkpop). â€Å"However, Junhyung’s income from his composing and writing is exempt from this equal distribution because it’s his own work, a benefit of his creative license. † (allkpop)A lot of the singers were dropped from past entertainments like Hyunseong from Beast was in Yg entertainment. However, the staff dropped him at the last minute and went into Cube entertainment in order to train again and debut. â€Å"A trainee can be dropped by their company at any point in time if they are not good enough. † (Seoul beat) However, many of the trainees get sent to other entertainment companies in order to train and debut, so their amount of time training gets even longer. Doojoon from Beast went f rom JYP entertainment to Cube entertainment and had to focus on dance in order to perfect it.

Concocting a Divisive Theory

Concocting a Divisive TheoryThe phenomenal recovery of an mtDNA section from the arm of the Feldhofer Cave Neandertal was greeted with the enthusiasm and yes, even with the ballyhoo it deserved. 1 It was a truly important discovery, and from a research lab that every bit late as a twelvemonth before had predicted it could n't be done. The protagonists of the theory that Neandertal mans are a different species were beyond exuberance ( few others were quoted on the issue ) . And so, in a crescendo of excitement, Stringer and McKie2 delivered their putsch de gra?ce in a New York Times op-ed discoursing the significance of the Neandertal mtDNA findings: The deductions for the thought of race are profound. If modern humanity is made up of people who are all recent posterities of a few African innovators, it is every bitclear that Homosexual sapiens must be a startlingly homogeneous species. We merely hold non had clip to diverge genetically in any meaningful mode. However, some scientists and those with narrow political dockets have put frontward statements to prolong the thought that races exist with cardinal biological differences. Alternatively of concocting dissentious theories, we would be better served to acknowledge the importance of recent informations that will assist us happen the properties that separated Homo sapiens from other early worlds like the Neanderthals.Is this more opera or is it all over?Have the antediluvian DNA surveies brought us a existent discovery and ended the Neandertal contention so exhaustively that the lone holdouts should halt concocting their dissentious theories because they can merely differ if they have a political docket about race? Tattersall3 believes it is all over. He interprets the mtDNA consequences as demoing that the Neandertals were a distinguishable species for 600,000 old ages. For this reading, one must presume that the history of the Neandertal mtDNA line of descent section is a population history, that invariably roll uping mutants are the exclusive cause of mtDNA development, and that the mutant rate of mtDNA is known with sufficient truth to day of the month the putative split. Belief in the Eve theory of modern human beginnings is the most of import requirement for these premises because it ties mtDNA history to population history through the account that low mtDNA diverseness inworlds comes from a recent population- size constriction ( in this instance, a new species ) . It is no surprise that Eve theoreticians reacted to the intelligence with joy. It is non that I want to rain on anybody ‘s parade, but there are some shrewish inside informations. Let ‘s expression at what was really done. Krings and coworkers1 reported that the 379 base-pair section of mtDNA found in the Feldhofer specimen has 27 differences from the mention human sequence and, significantly, that 25 of these differences were at places that varied in at least one of their comparative human samples of 2,051 persons. When the Neandertal sequence was compared with 994 modern-day human line of descents of known geographic beginning, the figure of differences was more than three times greater than the average figure of differences between the worlds.But possibly the most surprising determination was that several of the worlds were found to differ from each other more than the Neanderthal differs from some worlds.Lineages in the human sample have between 1 and 24 pairwise differences reflecting mutants, while the Neandertal differed from these worlds by between 22 and 36 mutants. Taking the difference in ages into history, every bit good as the fact that any peculiar mtDNA line from that clip had merely a little opportunity of prevailing until today, this form of fluctuation is to be expected, given that an ancient Neanderthal man is being compared with modern-day worlds. In such a comparing, the pairwise differences must ever be greater than they would be for the ascendants of the modern-day worlds in the analysis who were populating at the same clip as the Neandertal. This is because the modern-day homo mtDNA lines have had a longer clip to mutate. Whether the magnitude of fluctuation is to be expected is a different inquiry. The reply could depend on the mtDNA mutant rate. Here, excessively, there have been surprising finds. Until late, the rate of alteration for human mtDNA was determined phylogenetically. Dates for mtDNA coalescency were estimated by comparing the maximal pairwise difference among worlds to the figure of differences dividing human and chimpanzee sequences. Dates for human and chimpanzee divergency were so used to gauge the rate of alteration. The Neanderthal divergency day of the month estimated by Krings coworkers assumes a mutant rate at about the center of the But possibly the most surprising determination was that several of the worlds were found to differ from each othermore than the Neanderthal differs from some worlds. scope for phyletic findings: 0.01 to 0.2 permutation sites each million old ages. But, in fact, even the fastest of these rates may be wrong. When Czar Nicholas II and his household were exhumedin 1991, their designations were based on fiting their mtDNA with that of other descendants of the Czar ‘s female parent. These analyses out of the blue revealed immensely more mutational alterations than the phyletic rates predicted.4 Subsequent computations of mutant rates between coevalss proved to be dramatically higher than had been assumed from the longer-range phyletic considerations. In two different surveies, 100s of base brace from the mtDNA control part ( more than in the Neandertal analysis ) were sequenced and intergenerational mutant rates of 1.2–4.0 permutations per myr were derived.5,6 The Eve theory postulates that a recent population-size constriction took topographic point at the clip of mtDNA coalescency in worlds. But if mtDNA mutant rates are so every bit high as the intergenerational analyses indicate, the ‘‘Eve † of these surveies could good hold been a Biblical figure because she would hold lived merely about 6,500 old ages ago. Of class, a population-size constriction this recent is extremely improbable because ‘‘it remains puzzling how the known distribution of human populations and cistrons could hold arisen in the past few thousand old ages. †6 A much more likely account for today ‘s mitochondrial diverseness is that there was no recent population constriction, but that the mtDNA has limited fl uctuation because of choice. It is known that the development of human mtDNA departs from neutrality. Choice can explicate this and the limited fluctuation in human mtDNA by, for illustration, long-run background choice against somewhat hurtful mutants, 7 or by episodes of directional choice, or, possibly a selective sweep.8 Selection is an of import component in mtDNA development because mtDNA does non recombine. Therefore, choice against any part reduces variableness in the full genome. 9 Even on the same chromosome, nonrecombining parts have much lower fluctuation than do recombining parts. One dissentious theory is that choice has reduced mtDNA fluctuation in worlds since the Neandertal lived. A concluding item is related to the claim of Krings and coworkers1 that the Neandertal is every bit related to all life people. This contributes to the perceptual experience that he was genetically isolated from them. But these writers merely presented their comparings for wide continental groups ( Africans, Europeans, and so on ) . A more appropriateanalysis is populational. A comparing of the Feldhofer Neandertal with gene-bank informations for 14 world-wide populations resulted in an mean pairwise difference of 27.3, the same average difference as in the survey by Krings and coworkers.1 But in this instance, pairwise differences for specific populations could be straight examined. These ranged from 21.3 to 33.2: the smallest average difference was between the Neandertal and a sample from Finland. One can conceive of the dissentious theory that might be concocted from these findings. There are others, largely geneticists, who besides have been busy concocting dissentious theories about modern human lineage agree on one point: The Eve theory is wrong.9,11 The job they all reference is that a population constriction terrible plenty to reset mtDNA fluctuation to zero would reset atomic fluctuation as good. Mitochondrial cistrons should retrieve their fluctuation and return to equilibrium much more rapidly because of their higher mutant rate and smaller effectual population size. But it is merely the antonym. MtDNA is out of equilibrium and has small fluctuation, whereas all impersonal atomic cistron systems studied so far are in equilibrium and have more variation.7,8,12 This entirely regulations out a terrible population-size constriction. One late supported theory is that modern worlds are non a new species but descend from a little hereditary group that lived in Africa for at least a million years.13 Others are based on analyses of the beta-globin genes14 and the Y chromosome,15 each of which reveals grounds for important genetic exchanges both out of Africa and into Africa much earlier than the period of mtDNA coalescency, even when the phyletic mutant rate estimations are used. A population-size constriction would hold erased this older fluctuation. But if the Eve theory is incorrect, there is no ground to restrict accounts of the Neandertal mtDNA to past species divergency ; nil to confute the contention that the Neandertal reflects a greater magnitude of mtDNA fluctuation in the yesteryear than in the present ; and nil to take away from the impression that mtDNA can differ dramatically between sections of the same species. Human fluctuation with and without Neandertals is similar to the difference between Pan troglodytes races. In that comparing, Pan troglodytes verus has much more mtDNA fluctuation than does Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii.12So what does the antediluvian DNA mean with regard to the topographic point of Neandertal mans in human development? The deductions are inconclusive. It seems that dodo anatomy still provides cardinal informations about human development. Many Neanderthal characteristics persist in much later post-Neandertal Europeans.16 Furthermore, it is normal to happen mixtures of assorted Neandertal characteristics in Europeanstoday. One recent analysis of Neandertal and early Upper Paleolithic European nonmetric traits indicates that their fluctuation requires Neanderthal alloy of at least 25 % .17 Further survey of these informations estimated an about 6 % Neandertal familial input in modern European cistron pools, a determination that is in line with the pairwise difference analysis ( but does non necessitate ancient mtDNA ) . And what does this mean for the Multiregional theory of development? Here, the reply is clearly nil because multiregionalism means development in more than one part, but non needfully in every region.18 It could be a valid account for human development even if every individualSo what does it intend? The antediluvian DNA findings are compatible with both phyletic readings of Neandertal mans: separate species or human race.Neanderthal became nonextant without issue. Human populations do non prevail infinitely or continuously through clip. All of them either go nonextant without issue or merge with other populations. So what does it intend? The antediluvian DNA findings are compatible with both phyletic readings of Neandertal mans: separate species or human race. But there are other, independent grounds for rejecting the impression that Neandertal mans are a different species. Tattersall and I have discussed some of these in old arguments in Evolutionary Anthropology. The fact remains t hat ‘‘the familial fluctuation between the modern and Neanderthal sequences is within the scope of other species of Primatess. †19 If Neandertal mans are non a separate species and the Feldhofer Neandertal informations prove valid, they give us two of import pieces of information. First, they indicate that if a selective expanse in human mtDNA led to its presently low degree of fluctuation, it was more recent than at least some of the European Neandertals. This could supply independent support for generational clock rates, but extra antediluvian Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis is necessary to analyze this possibility. Second, they remind us that computation of mean effectual population size in the yesteryear from coalescency theory has no relation to the existent figure of engendering females populating then.9,13 Although the sample made up of the Neandertal plus life worlds has a much larger effectual mitochondrial population size than life worlds do, it is unreasonable to reason that there were more people alive during Neandertal times than there are today. Ironically, even as the new informations raise the Neandertalargument to a higher and more interesting rational degree and represent how familial and palaeontological informations can be wed, the political degree of argument sinks to a new low.Mentions1 Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzid H, Stoneking M, Pa?a?bo S ( 1997 ) Neandertal DNA sequences and the beginning of modern worlds. Cell 90:1–20. 2 Stringer CB, McKie R ( 1997 ) Neandertal mans on the tally. The New York Times 146 ( s4 ) : E15. 3 Tattersall I ( 1998 ) Neandertal cistrons: What do they intend? Evol Anthropol 6:157–158. 4 Edward gibbons A ( 1998 ) Calibrating the mitochondrial clock. Science 279:28–29. 5 Parsons TJ, Muniec DS, Sullivan K ( 1997 ) A high ascertained permutation rate in the human mitochondrial control part. Nature Genet 15: 363–368. 6 Loewe L, Scherer S ( 1997 ) Mitochondrial Eve: The secret plan thickens. Tendencies Ecol Evol 12:422–423, p. 422. 7 Hey J ( 1997 ) Mitochondrial and atomic cistrons present conflicting portrayals of human beginnings. Mol Biol Evol 14:177–172. 8 Wise CA, Sraml M, Easteal S ( 1998 ) Departure from neutrality at the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase fractional monetary unit 2 cistron in worlds, but non in Pan troglodytess. Geneticss 148:409–421. 9 Templeton AR ( 1997 ) Testing the out of africa replacing hypothesis with mitochondrial DNA information. In Clark GA, Willermet CM ( explosive detection systems ) , Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research, pp 329–360 and combined bibliography, pp 437–492. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. 10 Hunley K, Merriwether DA ( 1998 ) The consequence of fossil age on the appraisal of the clip to common ascendant. Paper presented at the 1998 meeting of the Human Biology Association. 11 Ayala FJ ( 1995 ) The myth of Eve: Molecular biological science and human beginnings. Science 270:1930– 1936. 12 Wise CA, Sraml M, Rubinsztein DC, Easteal S ( 1997 ) Comparative atomic and mitochondrial genome diverseness in worlds and Pan troglodytess. Mol Biol Evol 14:707–716. 13 Harpending H, Batzer MA, Gurven M, Jorde LB, Rogers AR, Sherry ST ( 1998 ) Genetic hints of ancient human ecology. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 95:1961–1967. 14 Harding RM, Fullerton SM, Griffiths RC, Bond J, Cox MJ, Schneider JA, Moulin DS, Clegg JB ( 1997 ) Archaic African and Asiatic line of descents in the familial lineage of modern worlds. Am J Hum Genet 60:722–789. 15 HammerMF, Karafet T, Rasanayagam A, Wood ET, Altheide TK, Jenkins T, Griffiths RC, Templeton AR, Zegura SL ( 1998 ) Out of Africa and back once more: Nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome fluctuation. Mol Biol Evol 15:427–441. 16 Frayer DW ( 1993 ) Development at the European border: Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic relationships. Pre?hist Eur 2:9–69. 17 Hawks J ( 1997 ) Have Neandertals left us their cistrons? In Cavalli-Sforza L ( erectile dysfunction ) , Human Development: Abstractions of Documents Presented at the 1997 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Human Evolution Arranged by L.L. Cavalli-Sforza and J.D. Watson, p 81. Cold Spring Seaport: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 18 Relethford JH ( 1995 ) Genetics and modern human beginnings. Evol Anthropol 4:53–63. 19 Ruvolo M, cited in Kahn P, Gibbons A ( 1997 ) Deoxyribonucleic acid from an nonextant homo. Science 277:176–178. Milford Wolpoff Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382 U R 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ISSUES Evolutionary Anthropology 3