Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development

Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development Introduction Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development was developed by Erik Erikson and first published in his 1950 book Childhood and Society though he later revised the theory and published it in subsequent books beginning from the late 1950s to the 1980s.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This theory is one of the most recognized theories of personality in the field of psychology, alongside Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual. However, in contrast to Freud’s theory, Erikson’s theory defines the influence of social experience over a person’s entire lifetime. The theory is divided into eight stages spanning from infancy to late adulthood. Psychosocial Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth-2 years) This is the first stage of the Psychosocial theory and focuses around the infant’s basic nee ds being provided by parents or other caregivers. At this phase, the newborn wholly depends on the caregivers for food, care, and love. Their comprehension of the surrounding originates from the parents, for instance, if the parents are affectionate towards the child, their view of the society will positive, but with a lack of affection, the consequence will be a feeling of distrust. Psychosocial Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-4 years) At this stage, the child develops a greater degree of personal control and starts to explore their surroundings due to improved muscular coordination and mobility. The children also learn to control their own body functions and this results into some level of autonomy. However, the child is still largely dependent on the parents. Through the parents’ support, the children develop their first interests that will go on to influence their careers. However, when the children are constrained, they will instead have doubt and reluctance whe n performing challenging duties. Psychosocial Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years) This stage mainly occurs at the preschool stage and is characterized by children attempting to comprehend the world around them and learning basic skills. The development of courage and autonomy are what distinguishes this group from the rest. Children who succeed at this stage feel capable and able to take up leadership roles while those who fail to gain the skills have feelings of guilt, lack of confidence, and lack of initiative (Bee and Boyd, 2004). Psychosocial Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years) By interacting with those around them, children at this stage begin to have pride owing to their achievements and skills (Allen Marotz, 2003). They also learn the idea of time and space and are able to put them into practical use. The stage is very crucial to the development of self-confidence that will be of great benefit both at home and at school and this occurs only if the children a re encouraged and commended by their teachers and parents.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychosocial Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19 years) At this stage, the adolescent/teenager is more concerned with how they are seen by others. One of the major decisions that the group faces is that of settling on a school and occupation. In the latter stages, the children at this psychosocial stage may develop a sexual identity. Erikson came up with the word ‘Identity Crisis’ in which he stated that each stage had its own crisis (Erikson, 1956). However, this crisis is more marked at this stage as it marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. Persons who receive support will come out of this developmental phase with more autonomy and control while those who are not supported will be confused and unsure of themselves (Marcia, 1966). Love: Intim acy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood, 20-24, or 20-40 years) This stage is more marked around the age of 30 and is characterized by young adults trying to explore or establish personal relationships. Young adults spend more time with their identities or friends while those who are rejected or fear rejection become isolated (Erikson, 1950). After establishing their identities, they are prepared to commit long-term intimate and reciprocal relationships to others that can be through friendships or marital agreements. Psychosocial Stage 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation 25-64, or 40-64 years) This is the stage of middle adulthood and the main focus is on career and family. Persons who succeed during this stage will feel that they are positively impacting on the society by being active in their own families and in the community while persons who fail at this phase will have feelings of unproductivity and detachedness from society. Psychosocial Stage 8 Integrity vs. Despair (65-death) At this phase, persons are less productive and focus is on the reflection of life. It is during the stage that people reflect on their accomplishments. Those who feel proud of their achievements will â€Å"have a feeling of integrity while those who are unsuccessful of their achievements will have a feeling that their lives have been wasted and are filled with regret† (Erikson, 1950). Influence of Eriksons Psychosocial Theory The psychosocial theory has had a great influence in my life. For instance, being in my 20s, I am in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage and am currently bent on making long-term relationships as mentioned by Erikson. I am also making friends with persons with whom I share common interests such as career and academic activities. I am trying to establish my career, having decided on a specific career earlier on in my teenage years during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage. At this moment, I feel proud of my achievements and I attribute this to the support and en couragement I received from my parents and teachers. As mentioned by Erikson, support and provision of affection, care, and warmth to the child by both parents and teachers is crucial to the holistic development of the child.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Allen, E. and Marotz, L. (2003). Developmental Profiles Pre-Birth Through Twelve (4th ed.). Albany, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Bee, H. and Boyd, D. (2004). The Developing Child (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. NY: W. W. Norton Company. Erikson, E. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4(25), 56-121. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(14), 551-558.

Journel 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journel 4 - Essay Example t about the menu, but it is written separately in the poem which, I guessed, meant that the poetess wants to talk about everything that she has not got in her life. I guessed that it meant that the joy of reading the menu and fantasizing the food she had ordered was so big that she had forgotten about all the worries of life and whatever she had not been blessed with. I always read a poem by looking at its message that the poet has in mind, and while reading this poem, the same thought of finding the message led me towards Harkin’s convention of significance. I was frustrated at the start when I gave the poem the first go-through, because I was not able to understand what the lines â€Å"It’s when the artichokes†¦and leather† (lines 6-15) meant, and whether they were related to the poem, but a second go-through made me understand that these lines showed the girls’ excitement. The poem is a little unconventional because it is not simple to understand, but is interesting at the same

Investment and Portfolio Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Investment and Portfolio Analysis - Essay Example There was automotive gross cash at June 30, 2007 of $37.4 billion. Ford Motor Company sales and revenue over the last three years has fluctuated tremendously, 2005 was 176.8 billion, 160.1 billion and for the year of 2006 and 172.5 billion for 2007. The current return on investment is -10.4 as of 2007. ( White, 2007). Investment is the commitment of money or capital to purchase financial instruments or other assets in order to gain profitable returns in the form of interest, income, or appreciation of the value of the instrument. (Reilly & Brown). It relates to saving or deferring consumption. Investment is involved in many areas of the economy, such as business management and finance no matter for households, firms, or governments. An investment involves the choice by an individual or an organization such as a pension fund. After some analysis or thought, to place or lend money in a vehicle, instrument or asset, such as property, commodity, stock, bond, financial derivatives (e.g. futures or options), or the foreign asset denominated in foreign currency, that has certain level of risk and provides the possibility of generating returns over a period of time. Investment comes with the risk of the loss of the principal sum. (Myles, 2003) The investment that has not been thoroughly analyzed can be highly risky with respect to the investment owner because the possibility of losing money is not within the owners control. The difference between speculation and investment can be subtle. It depends on the investment owners mind whether the purpose is for lending the resource to someone else for economic purpose or not. Through Investment analysis, an investor is in a good position to understand the trend of performance and the likelihood of getting suitable returns at the end of the investment period. Investment analysis is important to any sound portfolio-management strategy. At most, times, investors find it difficult to carry out

Compare and contrast A Fistful and Dollars(1964) and Shane(1953) in Essay

Compare and contrast A Fistful and Dollars(1964) and Shane(1953) in both stylistic and thematic terms - Essay Example ovie, two rival families, which include the family of Rojo Brothers and the family of John Baxter, battle against each other not only to show superiority but also to express the feelings of pride, greed, and revenge to each other. In this movie, the stranger wants to make both parties fight against each other. The stranger, though comes to the town to earn money by making the two rival families fight against each other, yet he proves himself to be a good man as he frees Marisol from the prison and makes her leave the town along with her husband and her son. He not only provides them with the way to leave the town but also gives some money to them in order to tide them over. â€Å"Clint Eastwood redefined the notion of a hero in this film, a man who seems to operate by a code but doesnt feel the need to explain it† (Fairbanks, 2003). I think that the atmosphere of this movie is much more interesting and attractive as compared to the main story of this movie. The unexpected camera angles and the close-ups add to the great atmosphere of the film. The way the actors performed in this movie is excellent. They never make the audience feel tired of something. The movie keeps the attention of the audience intact and does not make the audience lose their concentration. I think the scenes of this movie have more appeal as compared to the story. Leone’s filmmaking style is a very innovative one and it is really a fun to watch on the screen. Leone is very expert in creating complex characters for his films and the character of the stranger in A Fistful of Dollars is one of them. The sound of gunfights and the suspense in the scenes are two of the basic elements of the film. â€Å"The strengths of A Fistful of Dollars relate to style, not storyline† (Berardinelli, 1999). A Fistful of Dollars is just a 100 minutes film which is a very short duration as compared to Leone’s other films which include The Bad and The Ugly and The Good. In A Fistful of Dollars, a very simple plot

Purpose of Schools Essay Example for Free

Purpose of Schools Essay School is an institutional mechanism that tries to share knowledge and/or be an agent for social action. Looking back to the ancient history of schools, some schools of ancient Israel for example feel that the main purpose of education was to ‘produce faithful members of a nation – a son who would bring pride to his family and his people and glory to God. ’ In ancient Greece, the school was to produce a productive citizen, wise and mature and Rome followed the example of Greece. However, there are some schools which are just for education, where basic knowledge is shared based on the age through a planned curriculum. There are schools which apart from providing knowledge through planned curricula do bring in social change through actions. I believe that a school has got to play the role of both i. e. sharing knowledge and also be an agency for social action. An example that can be cited following both is the ancient Hindu school called ‘gurukul’ , where apart from knowledge through planned curricula, there are learning sessions on various social norms and values that are normally practiced in the society. The purpose of a school is thus to orient students to socialize by understanding the background, culture and values of that area which would further add to their individual growth and understanding for nurturing good citizens. Apart from this, there is a need for the schools to see to it that students are able to gain proper knowledge which should further help them to able to attain further education and employment. Thus, we can say that the main purpose of schools is to provide education which would enhance the knowledge, skills and attributes of students and make them responsible citizens of the country. Even though schools as educational institutions have their own limitations of access to knowledge, funds to provide the services to students etc. based on the need and following the goal that the educational institution wants to achieve, teachers have to redesign their teaching strategies/pedagogy.

Evaluation of Journal Article Involving Cross Cultural Perception of Eu

Evaluation of Journal Article I. Introduction The essay is about to evaluate the journal written by Coen Heijes and express my personal interpretation of the article. The essay was divided into five sections. First of all, I would briefly outline the topic of the article and introduce the findings made by the author. Secondly, I would analyze the theory and literature review by evaluating the main theoretical framework. Then research design and methods would be discussed, followed by the findings and conclusions given by the author. Finally, personal implications would be delivered. In my opinion, take power dynamics into account while analyzing the perception across-cultural is a beneficial supplement to the dimensional approach which is limited in doing research on international management. Despite lacking of empirical research on relations between cross-cultural perception and power asymmetry in organizations, this paper could be a significant reference on further research. II. Description of the paper being evaluated In this paper, the author delivered a research about cross cultural perception and power dynamic across changing organizational and national contexts in Curacao and the Netherlands. The essay is divided into seven parts. First of all, the author pointed out that more and more researchers found they should go beyond standard cultural dimensions of Hofstede when analyzing the national cultures because culture is not so much fixed, cohesive and systematic concept but more dynamic and co-created. Therefore, the author expanded on the interactions between culture and power and discussed the role of power and power differences in cross-cultural perception. Second, methodological triangulation was used al... ...ice organizations in the IRS and the police in the Netherlands and Curaà §ao. The results of the research findings were just the reflection within the public services organizations and it cannot indicate that similar conclusions would be drawn up in business organizations. Besides, the study lacks some empirical data on the relation between cross-cultural perception and power asymmetry in organizations. Furthermore, this study paper made me think about another case of the UK and HONG KONG, since the impact on the cross-cultural perception would be more complex not just considering the power dynamics and power imbalance due to the western social system background based on Chinese culture. In all, I benefited from the power dynamics influence study on cross-cultural perception and it would be a good learning example for me to carry out research in the future .

Biblical Influence and Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea :: Old Man and the Sea Essays

Biblical Influence and Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea Many times, stories by Ernest Hemingway have much religious influence and symbolism. In The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, numerous occurrences in the life of Santiago the fisherman are similar to the incidents recorded in the life of Jesus of Nazareth. The names of the characters translated from Spanish to English are just one of those many similarities. The characters in The Old Man and the Sea are in actuality, major figures in the New Testament. Santiago is an old man, yet he had young eyes. No matter how defeated he was, he would never show it and he would look on the brighter side of things. In my mind, these traits make Santiago a god-like figure. Manolin, which translates into Messiah, is Jesus (Stoltzfus qtd in CLC 13:280). Santiago is the "father" who teaches his symbolic son and disciple, Manolin. After catching the largest marlin, Manolin will leave his parents in order to follow the teachings of Santiago, his master, just as Jesus did (Stoltzfus qtd in CLC 13:280). Pedrico is actually Saint Peter, Jesus' closest apostle and a great fisherman (Wilson 50). Peter helped Jesus fish for souls as Pedrico helped Manolin fish for food. Santiago gives Pedrico the head of the mutilated marlin which symbolizes Saint Peter as head of the Christian church and the first Pope (Stoltzfus CLC 280). In the story, there are many references to the crucifixion of Jesus. Santiago's badly injured hands evoke the hands of the crucified Jesus and three other situations reinforce this theory (Brenner, The Old Man and the Sea, Story of a Common Man 37). First, Santiago's marlin is approached by a pair of shovel nosed sharks. "Ay', he said out loud." (Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 107) There is no meaning of "Ay", but perhaps it is the sound a man makes as his hands are nailed to wood (Brenner, The Old Man and the Sea, Story of a Common Man 38). Next, once back on shore, Santiago climbs the hill to his shack, with the mast on his shoulder, falling several times (Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 121). This is an obvious reference to Christ's struggle to carry the cross up the hill Cavalry (Crossan, The Historical Jesus 163).